The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically disrupted all businesses, employers and government entities. Indeed, virtually the entire global economy has been affected. Shutdowns, the need for social distancing and efforts to contain the spread of the virus has led to the closing of businesses and the cancellations of services and events.
Such disruption has led to a tsunami of class actions lawsuits directly related to the pandemic with more on their way. To date, the filed class actions fall into a variety of categories: (a) consumer protection (b) educational institutions (c) failure to protect consumers or employees from the virus (d) business disruption insurance (d) other employment issues (e) securities and (f) government-related claims. Each will be considered below.
Consumer protection
1.Failure to refund
Not surprisingly, there have been a host of consumer class actions filed against various businesses. Many of these suits have targeted businesses that have not refunded prepaid fees despite COVID-19-related cancellations and postponements. Consumers have filed class actions attacking the refund policies of many businesses, generally demanding monetary refunds rather than credits or rain checks.
Class actions have been filed against virtually all major and some minor airlines in connection with refunds for cancellations of flights. Defendants in these suits include American Airlines, United Airlines, Southwest Airlines, Delta Airlines, Spirit Airlines, Frontier Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle and Concesionaria Vuela Compania de Aviacion.
Major ticketing services StubHub, Ticketmaster, SeatGeek and Vivid Seats have also been targeted for allegedly changing refund policies after the pandemic caused events to be cancelled or postponed.
Similarly, consumers have filed class-action lawsuits against Major League Baseball, Six Flags, Vail ski resorts, TurnKey Vacation Rentals, music festivals South by Southwest and Lightning in a Bottle, a single events club and a wildlife service for refunds of prepaid fees.
2.Continued collection of recurring fees
Government shutdowns have closed most gyms, which typically charge recurring, monthly membership fees. Class actions seeking refunds of such fees during the shutdown have been filed against Boston Sports Clubs, Town Sports International, Washington Sports Clubs and Philadelphia Sports Clubs, LA Fitness, Blink Fitness and Fit Republic.
3.Consumer fraud and protection claims
Consumers have already filed class actions against manufacturers and retailers under consumer protection statues, including:
Actions against manufacturers and retailers of hand sanitizers, which implicitly advertised to prevent the coronavirus and other ailments despite FDA warnings that there is insufficient evidence to support such claims. The defendants sued to date include Target for its in-house brand, and the manufacturers of Purell and Germ-X.
Class-action lawsuits have been filed against Whole Foods, Costco, Walmart, Trader Joe’s and other grocers that have allegedly tripled the price of eggs since the coronavirus outbreak.
The use of Zoom Video Communications has exploded during the pandemic. With that increased use has come increased scrutiny. Since March 30, at least 11 class actions have been filed against Zoom. These suits allege violations of consumer protection laws and federal securities laws. While not addressing COVID-19 directly, the suits relate to alleged issues with the privacy and security of the Zoom platform highlighted during the pandemic, including when the platform was hacked. One of these suits also names Facebook as a defendant for allegedly mining Zoom user data.
Educational institutions
The pandemic has closed most college campuses, forcing instruction online. Students, however, have been charged tuition, room, board and fees. Numerous student class actions have been filed for refunds, claiming that online courses are inferior to in-person classes. Among the undergraduate institutions already sued are Arizona, Arizona State, Northern Arizona, Drexel, Liberty, Miami, Northeastern, Purdue and University of Colorado Boulder.
Failure to protect
Appropriately seeking to shield employees from the virus itself presents difficult decisions for employers and businesses, which will only increase as states reopen. Class-action claims that employers and business have not adequately protected against the spread of the virus have already been filed, with many more expected. Such actions have, for example, been filed against cruise lines by both employees and passengers, and by the New York State Nurses Association alleging that the Montefiore Medical Center is not adequately protecting nurses.
Business disruption insurance
Businesses decimated by the COVID-19 pandemic have filed numerous federal and state class-action lawsuits against insurance companies for denial of business interruption claims. Many businesses purchased insurance to protect against business interruptions or disruptions outside of their control. These policies included business income coverage for losses due to necessary suspension of operations, allegedly including losses caused by viruses such as COVID-19, which led state and local governments to mandate widespread business closures.
In most cases, business interruption coverage is triggered when the insured’s claim results from “direct physical loss of or damage to” to the insured’s property. Whether COVID-19 causes “direct physical loss of or damage to” a business will be the critical issue in these lawsuits. Insurers already sued include CNA, Lloyds of London, Liberty Mutual, Continental Casualty, Society Insurance, Owners Insurance, Topa Insurance, Oregon Mutual Insurance and Aspen American Insurance. Interestingly, certain state legislatures have taken up this cause and are in various stages of advancing bills that would require insurers to provide coverage for losses caused by the pandemic.
Other employment issues
Mass layoffs and other employment decisions due to the pandemic have led to class-action suits. The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act helps ensure advance notice in cases of qualified plant closings and mass layoffs. Employees at Florida Hooters restaurants have already brought claims alleging the chain violated the WARN Act as a result of mass layoffs.
The American Federation of Government Employees, a union for federal workers, has filed a class-action lawsuit against the federal government, alleging that workers should receive hazard pay for work done to manage the outbreak of COVID-19.
Uber and Lyft face employment class actions involving COVID-19. Consistent with similar complaints against the companies, these actions allege Uber and Lyft misclassify drivers as independent contractors and therefore owe workers paid sick leave. The plaintiffs claim that the COVID-19 pandemic renders the failure to provide drivers with state-mandated sick leave particularly harmful.
Securities claims
The pandemic has affected the investment markets, which has led to class-action securities claims, which are only expected to increase. Norwegian Cruise Lines was sued on behalf of investors who claim that the cruise line made false statements in its February Security and Exchange Commission filings touting the company’s strong financial performance, despite the coronavirus outbreak and the company’s confidence in its preventive measures to reduce exposure and transmission of the virus.
Investors also filed a class-action against Inovio Pharmaceutical, alleging they bought the company’s stock at artificially inflated prices resulting from false statements that the company had developed a vaccine for COVID-19.
Government-related claims
At least three federal class actions have been filed against the People’s Republic of China and Chinese governmental entities, seeking to recover damages for China’s failure to contain the coronavirus outbreak and to notify the international community about its dangers.
Class actions have also been filed against the United States government and lenders related to the Paycheck Protection Program. These actions allege that larger or existing customers were given preference over smaller or minority businesses in the administration of the government loan program.