1868The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, granting citizenship to and protecting the civil liberties of recently freed slaves. The Amendment prohibited states from denying or abridging the privileges or immunities of U.S. citizens, depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, or denying any person equal protection of the laws. U.S. Secretary of State William Seward certified the ratification by the states later that month.1987Lt. Col. Oliver North admitted to shredding …